Historians of Alexander THE Macedonian have reported that while conquering THE Iranian lands, THE Macedonian conqueror revered THE memory of CYRUS THE GREAT, THE founder of THE Achaemenid Empire. THE point that THE destroyer of THE Achaemenid Empire was a devotee of THE founder of that Empire is something worthy of consideration. However, earlier some historians have pointed out that during his battles, THE Macedonian conqueror was trying to show his eligibility to succeed THE Achaemenid kings. THE problem is, to what extent does THE examination of THE available records of Alexander THE Macedonian in dealing with THE memory of THE founder of THE Achaemenid Empire allow us to certify THE view claimed by his historians? Was Alexander actually a devotee of CYRUS THE GREAT? Using classical sources and focusing on THE reports that link THE Macedonian conqueror to THE memory of CYRUS THE GREAT, THE Author of THE following article has shown that THE Macedonian conqueror due to his Greek upbringing, extensive knowledge he had about THE structures of power and legitimacy of THE Achaemenid kings and his political position before and after THE death of Darius III, had a dual and in fact political approach to THE memory of THE founder of THE Achaemenid Empire, CYRUS THE GREAT.

Black fungi are considered as one of THE original inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas because of high ability to tolerate extreme environments. During THE growth procedures, THEy alter THE bedrocks. THE present study was carried out to investigate THE impacts of black rock inhabiting fungi on THE tomb of CYRUS THE GREAT bedrock. A preliminary monitoring of THE tomb indicated to THE presence of black fungi. Different samples of THE tomb and Sivand quarry were prepared for qualitative and quantitative evaluations. THE samples were evaluated with thin section preparations and Periodic Acid Schiff staining (PAS) and THE results were analyzed by ImageJ software. Scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) was used to confirm THE results. THE results show deep penetration of fungal hyphae into THE bedrock and physico-chemical alteration of THE substrate. According to THE results, it seems that THEse microorganisms should be considered during THE implementation of conservation and restoration programs.

Explaining THE ancient Iranian intellectual system and political thought, namely Ideal king in CYRUS period, and through analyzing THE socio-political structure of THE preferred system, this article seeks to reveal how and why THE four reinterpreted pillars of philosopher-king of Plato in Republic namely, wisdom, courage, moderation and justice, as presented by THE author of Plato’s Beautiful City and THE Ideal King in Ancient Iran, have been THE main intellectual portrait of Iranians in CYRUS period, religiously and politically. On THE oTHEr hand, surveying a domestic cement for an ideal socio-political order consistent to THE religious and political identity of THE ancient Iran, and by analyzing texts and THEir historic background, this article seeks to study THE spirit of socio-political sovereignty governing THE Iranian society in this era, while examining Fathollah Mojtabaee’s THEory and adjusting THE CYRUS period with Platonist elements.

Abstract: THEre are many researches and assumptions about THE family's dependence and dependence during THE first Achaemenid period. In THE Oriental historiography, sometimes a legendary and mythic texture, THE recognition of THE descendants and descendants and THE dependence of THE hero-kings family, which was raised to THE level of THE divinity in a relative way, does not seem to be very convenient. THE question of this study is that THE transfer of power from THE Medes to THE Persians, and THEn at THE beginning of this series, to THE extent that THE transfer of power to THE oTHEr branch of THE Achaemenid dynasty has been effective in THE validity of THE proposed assignments? THE research hypoTHEsis is based on THE fact that one of THE oldest attributions of THE founder of a new kingdom is to THE Achaemenid dynasty of THE preceding rulers in Iranian history, and in THE first period of THE rulers of this dynasty THEy talked about THE transfer of power to oTHEr branches of this THE family is well-known, many studies have taken place in history that have a formal and imitative image and are more closely aligned with THE traditions of Greek historians such as Herodotus. THE result of this research shows that with a little analysis and interpretation of historical developments and phenomena, especially with regard to its eastern and mythological context, THE issue of descent and assignment in THE first Achaemenid period was also to be interpreted and analyzed in oTHEr ways.

Following THE content of Pahlavi texts (Middle Persian) and THE reflection of THEir information heritage in THE historiography of THE Islamic period, today THEre is a consensus that at least since THE Sassanid era to THE era of modern studies, CYRUS II was not known to THE Sassanid court and society, In such a way that his historical identity is described according to archeological documents and written sources. WheTHEr this was due to THE natural flow of time and THE loss of THE ability to read previous lines or THE loss of written data, or a coercive decision, is one of THE debates of THE leading article. This research first examines THE possible and documented next developments of THE previous historical information to THE Sassanid period and THEn, within this analysis, what signs of knowledge and lack of knowledge can be traced from CYRUS II to THE Sassanid era. In this article, it was seen that around THE western borders of THE Sassanid Empire, it was possible to have a documentary knowledge of THE identity of CYRUS in its historical form. Why and how some of THE historical information related to THE Achaemenid period, and especially THE era of CYRUS II, was excluded from court historiography in THE early Sassanid era is THE basis of a leading study.

By studying THE concept of lie in THE Gathas, Avesta and THE Bistun inscription, THE present article considers THE evolution of this concept in ancient Persia, THE Achaemenian period, and its relation with political structures of that period. THE present article tries to show that in ancient Persian civilization, THE concept of lie is not only THE central topic of ethics but it also plays a role in political arena.

Dhu al-Qarnayn's identity and knowledge of THE components that shaped his story have long been of interest to Qur'anic scholars. Some have considered him CYRUS THE GREAT, Alexander THE GREAT, Emperor of China, Fereydoun or one of THE rulers of Yemen and have adapted THE components of his story to THEir hypoTHEsis. Using library resources and choosing an analytical-descriptive method, this paper seeks to validate THE commentators' ideas about THE identity of Dhu al-Qarnayn, which is based on understanding THE components of THE events of his travels. For this purpose, after reviewing and criticizing THE opinions of about 60 Quranic researches of THE two sects about THE identity of Dhu al-Qarnayn, THE semiotics of THE Quranic elements reported in his travels has been studied. THE achievement of THE article is that according to THE application of historical evidence to THE Qur'anic story of Dhu al-Qarnayn, his identity is not applicable to any of THE aforementioned characters. Also, with THE help of geography and ecology, THE destination of his western trip to THE current desert country and his eastern trip to THE coast of Somalia will be evaluated.

Many studies have been accomplished on THE subject of CYRUS Cylinder inscription, but mythological role of Mesopotamian Nabu on this cylinder has not been properly studied. THE Cylinder is damaged on some parts and Nabu and Marduk are THE only remained god-names in THE inscription. Nabu was THE god of writing, wisdom, and to some extent happiness who protected scribes and was believed to be THE Marduk’s minister or son. THE authors’ aim, in this article is to understand why CYRUS had Nabu be mentioned beside Marduk in his famous cylinder which was ordered to be carved on his peaceful triumph over Babylonia, and why no oTHEr god-name was inscribed THEre. THErefore, Nabu’s function, temple and origin are initially studied and THEn his different roles in kings’ inscriptions in different times and places, and also THE importance of attendance of Marduk and Nabu beside each oTHEr are studied. Finally, Nabu will be analyzed in CYRUS Cylinder and it will be made clear, as THE result, that Nabu had probably an important role in THE said inscription as Marduk’s son and heir, and THE one who empowered and protected kingdom of CYRUS and his successor, Cambyses, relying on wisdom, longevity and happiness.

THE GREATness of Iran during THE Achaemenid period indicates that THEre was an excellence in management at that time. Knowing and presenting success stories of leadership is a must have for THE success of today's executives. This research has been conducted with THE aim of identifying and rating leading leadership attributes in CYRUS THE GREAT's cultural teachings. Using THE Qualitative-Quantitative Compilation (Delphi-Topsis) method, and according to THE existing prescriptive components of THE triple leadership, 128 doctrines were extracted. THE snowball method was used to access THE number of authorized samples from THE community of experts, and THE verification of extraction variables in THE Delphi questionnaire was carried out using experts' opinion and its validity was confirmed by professors and management, cultural and historical experts. THE reliability of THE questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0. 961. To reach THE consensus of 13 experts, a three-step Delphi technique was used. In THE final stage, factors confirmed by 75% of THE experts identified 8 variables as "important" in THE field of leadership attributes. THE results show that "leadership integrity", "restraint" and "patience" are respectively THE highest and lowest rank among THE eight preferred leadership attributes, and suggestions were also presented based on research findings.

Herodotus in THE fifth century BC, only about a hundred years after THE death of CYRUS THE GREAT, reminds us that THEre are many different stories about THE death of THE GREAT founder of Achaemenid dynasty. In fact, THE number of narrations about THE death of CYRUS II of Achaemenid in THE time of Herodotus was probably more than THE narrations that have survived to this day. THE main source for researchers to find out THE reality of THE death of CYRUS THE GREAT or at least approach it, is THE classical texts, among which Herodotus, Ctesias and Xenophon are THE primarily sources. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine Herodotus’ Narrative and oTHEr historians of antiquity with regard to oTHEr historical evidence, including THE originality of THE tomb of CYRUS THE GREAT in Pasargadae and THE relations of THE first Achaemenid kings with THE Scythians. As shown at THE end, Herodotus’ account, despite its reputation over time, is inconsistent with much of THE historical evidence, and its validity must be seriously questioned. Xenophon’ s narrative, despite some of its Iranian roots is also doubtful. But Ctesias’ account, that is also apparently derived from an Iranian tradition, is consistent with much of THE historical evidence.